References
[1] . Aggilkaya-Sahin, T. (2015). Cura animarum specialis and pastoral care traditions.
[2] . Ag?lkaya-Sahin, Z. (2016). Theoretical foundations of pastoral care in Christian tradition. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling. 1(1). https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2016.1.0002 (Original work published as Hristiyan Gelenekte Manevi Bak?m?n Teorik Temelleri) https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2016.1.0002
[3] . Armin, N., Saake, I., Breitsameter, C., Bauer, A., Barth, N., Berger, K., & Gigou, S. (2023). “Do you really believe that there is something more?” – The offer of transcendental communication by pastoral care workers in German hospices and palliative care units: A qualitative study. https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091231191220
[4] . Asamoah, G. (2018). Impact of pastoral counseling and care on church growth: A literature review and conceptual framework development. https://www.tremmbitconsult.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/11/IMPACT-OF-PASTORAL-COUNSELING-AND-CARE-ONCHURCH-GROWTH.pdf
[5] . Ayoub, N. O., & Al-Salim, H. S. (2022). The courageous shepherd: An analysis of leadership roles in religious communities. Journal of Religious Leadership, 50(1), 15–30.
[6] . Baab, L. (2018). Nurturing hope: Christian pastoral care in the twenty-first century. Fortress Press.
[7] . Bernau, J. A. (2021). From Christ to compassion: The changing language of pastoral care. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 60(2), 362–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12711
[8] . Best, R. (2014). Forty years ofPastoral Care:an appraisal of Michael Marland’s seminal book and its significance for pastoral care in schools. Pastoral Care in Education, 32(3), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2014.951385
[9] . Beukes, J. (2023). The wisdom of the wounded and the foolish: A contemporary reappraisal of Campbell and Capps’ models. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 79(2), 1–9.
[10] . Bewie, L. E. A., & Stine, M. (2022). The impact of reflection on pastoral care skills in the local church in Sierra Leone. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=atssem1650918496133261
[11] . Bletscher, C. G., & Lee, S. (2021). The impact of active empathetic listening on an introductory communication course. College Teaching, 69 (3), 161–168.
[12] . Campbell, A. V. (1986). The courageous shepherd: Leadership in pastoral care. SCM Press.
[13] . Capps, D. (1990). Agents of hope: A pastoral psychology. Fortress Press.
[14] . Clements, C. A. (2025). Community-centric care and the agent of hope: A practice model. International Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 10(1), 45–60.
[15] . Craig, R. (2021). Helping ministry thrive: Pastoral supervision in the Methodist Church. University of Chester. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/627344
[16] . Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (5th ed.). SAGE.
[17] . Code of Canon Law. (1999). Canon Law Society of America.
[18] . Currier, J. M., Fox, J., Vieten, C., Pearce, M., & Oxhandler, H. K. (2023). Enhancing competencies for the ethical integration of religion and spirituality in psychological services. Psychological Services, 20(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000678
[19] . Dames, G. A., & Dames, G. E. (2025). Pastoral care and counselling in current times: Relevance and context of care. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-hervorm_v81_n1_a10184.
[20] . Davis, A. (2022). Pastoral care and community in late medieval Germany: Albert of Diessen's mirror of priests. Cornell University Press.
[21] . Davis, L., & Kumar, S. (2022). Impact of pastoral care on community resilience and mental health outcomes. International Journal of Community Psychology, 50 (1), 78–95.
[22] . Dicks, J. L. (2024). Pastoral care during widespread disruptions: Pastoral care practices in small rural churches during widespread disruptions [Doctoral dissertation, Ashbury Theological Seminary].
[23] . Dube, S. (2024). De-escalating depressors in disciples: A post-COVID-19 spiritual care drive. Pan-African Journal of Theology, 2 (1), 65–85. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/pajot/article/view/284041
[24] . Enriquez, V. G. (1994). From Colonial to Liberation Psychology: The Philippine Experience. University of the Philippines Press.
[25] . Fajardo, R. M. (2022). Towards a psycho-spiritual model of care for Filipino clergy burnout. Philippine Journal of Counseling and Psychology, 24(1), 1–15.
[26] . Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. Brunner/Mazel.
[27] . Garcia, L. T. (2024). Pastoral care and the Filipino ethos: An integrated model for community well-being. Ateneo University Press.
[28] . Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic Presence: A Mindful Approach to Effective Therapy. American Psychological Association.
[29] . Gerkin, C. V. (1997). An introduction to pastoral care. Abingdon Press.
[30] . Giorgi, A. (2009). The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Duquesne University Press.
[31] . Grove, M. (2004). The 3Rs of pastoral care: Relationship, respect, and responsibility. Pastoral Care in Education, 22 (2), 34–38.
[32] . Happle, M. (2008). Biblische Seelsorge – Worum geht es? Evangelium für Alle – Nachrichten, 1 (1), 7–10.
[33] . Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2023). Qualitative research in education and social sciences. Cognella.
[34] . Holbrook, S. E. (2017). Hope and resilience: Counseling strategies for pastoral caregivers. Pastoral Psychology, 66(4), 481–495.
[35] . Holbrook, S. E., Chen, L., & Miller, J. A. (2024). The Agent of Hope in contemporary crisis: Empirical validation and application. Journal of Counseling and Development, 102(3), 250–263.
[36] . Holmes, C. (2021). From chaplaincy to spiritual care: Turning points for an emerging health profession. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 16 (4), 54–61. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.256011357523986
[37] . Hove, D. R. (2022). The pastoral presence in absence: Challenges and opportunities of pastoral care in the context of the global Coronavirus pandemic. Pharos Journal of Theology, 103. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.10319
[38] . Hradsky, D., Soyoof, A., Zeng, S., Foomani, E. M., Ngo, C.-L., Maestre, J.-L., & Pretorius, L. (2022). Pastoral care in doctoral education: A collaborative autoethnography of belonging and academic identity. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 17, 1–23.
[39] . Isaac, R. T. (2023). Competencies in Pastoral Counseling: The Lived Experiences of Filipino Diocesan Parish Priests. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing Theory and Professional Practice through Scholarly and Reflective Publications, 77(3–4), 158– 168. https://doi.org/10.1177/15423050231212609.
[40] . Jibiliza, A. (2021). Pastoral care and counseling: An integrated approach. Pharos Journal of Theology, 102 (1), 1–10.
[41] . Jibiliza, J. (2021). Studies on Clinical Pastoral Education and pastoral formation.
[42] . Johnson, M., & Lee, K. (2020). Training and competencies of clergy in mental health support: A review of current practices. Journal of Clergy and Counseling, 35 (2), 112–125.
[43] . Johnson, P., & Lee, M. (2020). Ethical boundaries and interdisciplinary collaboration in helping professions.
[44] . Jones, P. (2022). Pastoral care in education for the 21st century. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02643944.2022.2099005
[45] . Jordan, J. V. (2010). Relational-Cultural Therapy. American Psychological Association.
[46] . Joyner, K. J., Franck Love, S., Shah, R., Liu, N. H., & Brooks Stephens, J. R. (2025). Advancing Our Understanding of Cultural Competency Learning Requires More of a Structural Perspective than an Individual One. Psychological Inquiry, 36(3), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2025.2525687
[47] . Kambu, Y. (2022). The effectiveness of pastoral visits: Case on churches in Papua. The International Journal of Social Sciences World, 4 (2), 403–419.
[48] . Klaasen, J. S. (2023). African Christianity and healing: Implications for pastoral care. In Die Skriflig / In Luce Verbi, 57(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v57i1.2923
[49] . Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall.
[50] . Kruizinga, R., et al. (2023). Studies on interdisciplinary pastoral and mental health care.
[51] . Kruizinga, R., Schuhmann, C., Glasner, T., & Jacobs, G. (2023). Enhancing the integration of chaplains within the healthcare team A qualitative analysis of a survey study among healthcare chaplains. Integrated Healthcare Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/ihj2022-000138
[52] . Kyriacou, C., & Zuin, A. (2017). Cyberbullying bystanders and moral engagement: A psychological analysis for pastoral care. *Pastoral Care in Education, 36*(2).
[53] . Lee, C. K. (2025). The Self and the Spirit in Pastoral Care: Integrating Psychology and Christian Spirituality. Pastoral Psychology, 74(3), 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-02501205-7
[54] . Lee, S. S. (2020). The psycho-spiritual dimension in clinical practice: Bridging the gap between counseling and theology. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care, 13(2), 175–190.
[55] . Lee, M. (2020). Psychospiritual approaches to pastoral counseling.
[56] . Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche. (2020). ark:/13960/t6k16g77n
[57] . Lim, C. S., & Reyes, M. C. (2021). The integrated vision: Psycho-spiritual approach in addressing marital conflicts. Asian Pastoral Review, 15(1), 60–75.
[58] . Lootens, J. (2022). Thomas Merton’s contemplative vision for pastoral care. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 24 (1), 58–75.
[59] . Magezi, V. (2020). Positioning care as ‘being with the other’ within a cross-cultural context: Opportunities and challenges of pastoral care provision amongst people from diverse cultures. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-1d20fcbdb8
[60] . Marchinkowski, E. (2023). Reimagining the self: The wounded healer in professional and pastoral development. Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care, 16(1), 93– 115.
[61] . Martinez, R. (2018). Experiences of priests providing pastoral care in urban communities: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Pastoral Psychology, 67 (4), 453–468.
[62] . McKeon, J. (2020). Saint Camillus de Lellis. Catholic News Agency. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-camillus-704
[63] . Mehlig, M. D. (2021). Pastoral care training: Equipping pastoral staff to effectively minister to the local community [Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University]. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/3265
[64] . Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2019). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). SAGE.
[65] . Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. SAGE.
[66] . Nouwen, H. J. M. (1972). The wounded healer: Ministry in contemporary society. Doubleday.
[67] . Parker, C. J. (2020). Self-compassion and healthcare chaplaincy: a need for integration into clinical pastoral education. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 27(3), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2020.1723187
[68] . Paul Rohan, J.C. (2023). A Holistic Perspective of Well-being: A Psycho - Spiritual Approach. http://repo.lib.jfn.ac.lk/ujrr/handle/123456789/10672
[69] . Prosek, E. A., & Gibson, D. M. (2021). Promoting rigorous research by examining lived experiences: A review of four qualitative traditions. *Journal of Counseling & Development, 99*(2), 167–177.
[70] . Ranson, S., Bryman, A., & Hinings, B. (2021). Clergy, Ministers and Priests. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003262770
[71] . Reyes, M., & Mendoza, L. (2019). Studies on Filipino helping relationships and cultural empathy.
[72] . Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
[73] . Rohan, P. (2023). Wellbeing as the final end: An integral perspective on human flourishing. International Journal of Philosophical and Theological Studies, 4(2), 112–128.
[74] . Romano, H. J. M., & Abadiano, M. N. (2021). The lived experiences of working senior high school students in the new normal: A grounded theory. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12 (7), 13383–13409.
[75] . Santos, J. (2025). Filipino priest who restores dignity to poor, homeless wins 2025 Ramon Magsaysay award. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2025/08/31/filipino-priest-whorestores-dignity-to-poor-homeless-wins-2025-ramon-magsaysay-award
[76] . Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books.
[77] . Skovholt, T. M., & Rønnestad, M. H. (1992). The Evolving Professional Self: Stages and Themes in Therapist and Counselor Development. Wiley.
[78] . Smith, J. A., Rodriguez, L., & Patel, S. (2019). The role of pastoral care in community mental health: A systematic review. Journal of Religious Studies and Mental Health, 45 (3), 245– 260.
[79] . Sorensen, A. (2020). Narrative approaches in pastoral care and formation.
[80] . Sorensen, B. G. (2020). Narrative construction in pastoral care: Re-authoring the client's spiritual life. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(6), 2871–2884.
[81] . Szilagyi, C., Borchik, A. K., Twose, C., & Vandenhoeck, A. (2025). Chaplains’ collaboration and leadership in interprofessional healthcare: a scoping review part 1: Multifaceted roles. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 32(2), 109–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2025.2563473 .
[82] . Thomas, A., & Merton, C. (2020). The integration of spiritual and psychological support in pastoral care: A contemporary perspective. Journal of Spirituality and Mental Health, 22 (3), 231–245.
[83] . Van Deurzen, E. (2015). Phenomenological therapy. In Encyclopedia of counseling and psychotherapy.
[84] . Van Dijke, J., Duyndam, VanderWeele, T.J. (2020). Activities for Flourishing: An Evidence Based Guide. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 4:79-91. https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum8886/files/pik/files/activitiesforflourishin g_jppw.pdf
[85] . Van Dijke, J., Duyndam, J., van Nistelrooij, I., & Bos, P. (2022). “We Need to Talk About Empathy”: Dutch Humanist Chaplains’ Perspectives on Empathy’s Functions, Downsides, and Limitations in Chaplaincy Care. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing Theory and Professional Practice through Scholarly and Reflective Publications, 76(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/15423050221074271
[86] . Wagener, L. C. (2020). Practical theology and crisis intervention: A framework for immediate pastoral response. Practical Theology, 13(3), 211–225.
[87] . Wang, D., & Gupta, V. (2023). Crisis intervention. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls
[88] . Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559081/
[89] . Wango, G. M., & Mbugua, G. (2019). Pastoral counselling and care: The role of the clergy in helping services. St. Paul’s University, Limuru.
[90] . Wango, G. (2019). Studies on pastoral counseling and caregiver integrity.
[91] . Wickman, S. A., & Campbell, C. (2003). An analysis of how Carl Rogers enacted client-centered conversation with Gloria. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(2).
[92] . Willimon, W. H., & Hauerwas, S. (2021). The dangers of providing pastoral care. https://www.christiancentury.org/article/interview/dangers-providing-pastoral-care
[93] . Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. International Universities Pre
[94] . Yuchompoo, P., et al. (2025). https://www.proquest.com/openview/9697a25323deaea9f256e666965f5b87/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=4531119
[95] . Zainuri, A., & Huda, M. (2023). Empowering Cooperative Teamwork for Community Service Sustainability: Insights from Service Learning. Sustainability, 15(5), 4551. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054551
[96] . Zimoha, S. M. (2023). An overview of pastoral care as a divine mandate. Journal of Religion and Theology, 2 (1), 32–45.