References
[1] . Alzahrani, S. (2024). Digital Overload, Coping Mechanisms, and Student Engagement: An Empirical Investigation Based on the S-O-R Framework. SAGE Open, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241236087
[2] . Bai, X., Lian, S., Sun, X., & Niu, G. (2025). The relationship between information hoarding and selective exposure: The role of information overload, identity bubble reinforcement, and intolerance of uncertainty. BMC Psychology, 13, Article 736. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03062-8
[3] . Bhatiasevi, V. (2024). The uses and gratifications of social media and their impact on social relation-ships and psychological well-being. Heliyon, 10(8), e22967. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10944947/
[4] . Chen, X. (2023). A comparative study of content originality and plagiarism in teaching game short video: Based on users' usage in Douyin and Kuaishou. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 21(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/21/20230037
[5] . Swart, J. (2021). Experiencing algorithms: How young people understand, feel about, and engage with algorithmic news selection on social media. Social Media + Society, 7(2), 205630512110088. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211008828
[6] . China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). (2010). 26th statistical report on China's inter-net development. https://www.cnnic.cn/NMediaFile/old_attach/P020120612484951064463.pdf
[7] . China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). (2008–2025). Statistical report on internet development in China. https://www.cnnic.cn/6/86/88/index.html
[8] . China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). (2025). 56th statistical report on China's inter-net development. https://www.cnnic.cn/n4/2025/0721/c88-11328.html
[9] . China Netcasting Services Association. (2025). China network audiovisual development report 2025.https://cdn.vidchina.cn/upload/ueditor/file/20250326/1742999452760250/37cc3ff37e65a73c624a187a 2f8ce03d.pdf
[10] . Dang, T.-Q., Nguyen, L.-T., & Duc, D. T. V. (2025). Impulsive Buying and Compulsive Buying in Social Commerce: An Integrated Analysis using the Cognitive-Affective-Behavior Model and Theory of Consumption Values with PLS-SEM. SAGE Open, 15(2).https://doi.org/10.1177/ 21582440251334215
[11] . Ditzen, J., Karavias, Y., & Westerlund, J. (2025). Testing and estimating structural breaks in time se-ries and panel data in Stata. The Stata Journal, 25(1), Article 1536867X251365449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X251365449
[12] . Dong, Z., & Xie, T. (2024). Why do people love short-form videos? The motivations for using Chinese TikTok and implications for well-being. Current Psychology, 43(26), Article 1584685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05927-4
[13] . Eurostat. (2025). EU people turn to internet for cultural purposes. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals
[14] . Golding, J., Rallison, A., Zhang, K., Awan, A., Romero, F., Lacbain, J., Lee, S., Momand, S., Azer, L., & Zhang, W. (2025). The relationship between TikTok usage and executive function is mediated by problematic social media use. Behavioral Sciences, 15(12), Article 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ bs15121748
[15] . Greber, H. (2023). Feeling the news? The differential effects of immersive journalism on emotional response. Digital Journalism, 12(4), Article 567. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2155205
[16] . Habib, H., & Nithyanand, R. (2025). YouTube recommendations reinforce negative emotions: Auditing algorithmic bias with emotionally-agentic sock puppets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15048. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.15048
[17] . Hu, X. (2025). A critical-discursive investigation of smart heritage politics in China: Technological rationality, national narratives and local contestations. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 31(2), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2024.2322585
[18] . Hu, H., & Huang, M. (2024). How stress influences short video addiction in China: An extended compensatory internet use model. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1470111. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1470111
[19] . Jiang, Q., & Ma, L. (2024). Swiping more, thinking less: Using TikTok hinders analytic thinking. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 18(3), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2024-3-1
[20] . Jiang, Y., Yan, Z., & Yang, Z. (2025). Losing track of time on TikTok? An experimental study of short video users' time distortion. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), Article 930. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/bs15070930
[21] . Ju, B., & Stewart, J. B. (2024). Empowering users with ChatGPT and similar large language models (LLMs): Everyday information needs, uses, and gratification. Proceedings of the Association for In-formation Science and Technology, 61(1), 172–182.https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.1018
[22] . Jung, J., & Kim, J.-N. (2025). Rethinking media users in the age of AI and algorithmic mediation. Media and Communication, 13(3), Article 10915. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.10915
[23] . Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Sage.
[24] . Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 641673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh. 2021.641673
[25] . Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Robertson, C. T., Eddy, K., & Kleis Nielsen, R. (2025). Reuters Institute digital news report 2025. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute. politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2025
[26] . Nguyen, L., Walters, J., Paul, S., Monreal Ijurco, S., Rainey, G. E., Parekh, N., Blair, G., & Darrah, M. (2025). Feeds, feelings, and focus: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the cognitive and mental health correlates of short-form video use. Psychological Bulletin, 151(9), Article 1125. https://doi.org/10.37/bul0000498
[27] . Niu, X., Hemminger, B. M., & Lown, C. (2010). National study of information seeking behavior of academic researchers in the United States. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(5), Article 869. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21307
[28] . Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.
[29] . Pjesivac, I., & Ahn, S. J. (2024). 360° journalism and empathy: Psychological processes and communication outcomes. Journalism and Media, 5(3), Article 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia5030064
[30] . Qiao, R., Liu, C., & Xu, J. (2024). Making algorithmic app use a virtuous cycle: Influence of user gratification and fatigue on algorithmic app dependence. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), Article 775. doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03221-z
[31] . Qin, Y., Omar, B., & Musetti, A. (2022). The addiction behavior of short-form video app TikTok: The information quality and system quality perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 932805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.932805
[32] . QuestMobile. (2018). 2017 China mobile internet annual report. https://www.questmobile.com.cn/en/research/report/6/
[33] . QuestMobile. (2025). 2024 China mobile internet annual report: Digital intelligence rides the cloud,1.257 billion users trigger the "AI singularity moment". https://www.questmobile.com.cn/research/report/1896846900944015361/
[34] . Ruiz, C., Lopez, A. M., & Garcia, M. J. (2022). Understanding Motivations to Use Online Streaming Services: Integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT). Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 36(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2020-0074
[35] . Singh, P., Kumari, D., & Sahu, D. (2025). Caught in the scroll: Emotion regulation, escapism, and conscientiousness in short-form video use–related disruptions. Social Science Computer Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393251405480
[36] . Shi, J., Ali, M., & Chew, F. (2024). Understanding gratifications for engaging with short-video: A comparison of TikTok use in the USA and China. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 22(6), Article 712. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMC.2024.136627
[37] . Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), Article 257.
[38] . Wang, J., & Wang, S. (2025). The emotional reinforcement mechanism of and phased intervention strategies for social media addiction. Behavioral Sciences, 15(5), Article 665. https:// doi.org/10.3390/bs15050665
[39] . Wirz, D. S., & Zai, F. (2025). Infotainment on social media: How news companies combine infor-mation and entertainment in news stories on Instagram and TikTok. Digital Journalism, 13(7), Article 1249. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2025.2464062
[40] . Xiang, P. (2024). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nostalgic social media use: An interrupted time series analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1431184. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1431184
[41] . Yan, T., Su, C., Xue, W., Hu, Y., & Zhou, H. (2024). Mobile phone short video use negatively im-pacts attention functions: An EEG study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18, Article 1383913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1383913
[42] . Yang, Y., Liu, R. D., Ding, Y., Lin, J., Ding, Z., & Yang, X. T. (2024). Time Distortion for Short-Form Video Users. Computers in Human Behavior, 151, 108009. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chb.2023.108009
[43] . Zeng, R., Guo, S., & Evans, R. (2024). Intentional news avoidance on short-form video platforms: A moderated mediation model of psychological reactance and relative entertainment motivation. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 426. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02675-5