International Journal of Social Science & Economic Research
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Title:
Beyond Population Control: A Comprehensive Framework for Sustainable Stray Dog Management in India

Authors:
Advaith Rao

Journal: International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research (IJSSER)
ISSN: 2455-8834
Volume: 11
Issue: 8
Publication Date: August 2026
DOI: 10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.007

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Advaith Rao

MLA 8
Rao, Advaith. "Beyond Population Control: A Comprehensive Framework for Sustainable Stray Dog Management in India." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2026, pp. 3719-3730, doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.007. Accessed Aug. 2026.
APA 6
Rao, A. (2026, August). Beyond Population Control: A Comprehensive Framework for Sustainable Stray Dog Management in India. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 11(8), 3719-3730. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.007
Chicago
Rao, Advaith. "Beyond Population Control: A Comprehensive Framework for Sustainable Stray Dog Management in India." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 11, no. 8 (August 2026), 3719-3730. Accessed August, 2026. https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.007.

References

[1] . Animal Welfare Board of India. (2023). Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2023. Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India.
[2] . Amrutha, D. (2024). Evaluation of Animal Birth Control Program in an urban area of North Kerala. Journal of Advanced Health Research & Clinical Medicine, 1(1), 13–17. https://journals.lww.com/hrcm/fulltext/2024/01010/evaluation_of_animal_birth_control_program_in_an.3.aspx
[3] . Chaudhari, A., Brill, G., Chakravarti, I., Drees, T., Verma, S., Avinash, N., Jha, A. K., Langain, S., Bhatt, N., Kumar, S., Choudhary, S., Singh, P., Chandra, S., Murali, A., & Polak, K. (2022). Technology for improving street dog welfare and capturing data in digital format during street dog sterilisation programmes. Animals, 12(15), 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12152000
[4] . Deccan Herald. (2025, March). Stray dogs bit over 1.28 lakh people in Mumbai in 2024: Government. https://www.deccanherald.com
[5] . Deccan Herald. (2025, August 14). Supreme Court commences hearing in matter related to stray dogs in Delhi-NCR. https://www.deccanherald.com
[6] . Environmental Literacy Council. (2025). How did Netherlands get rid of stray dogs? https://enviroliteracy.org/animals/how-did-netherlands-get-rid-of-stray-dogs/
[7] . ETV Bharat. (2025, August 12). India is home to 1.53 crore stray dogs: A snapshot of the stray dog situation in India. https://www.etvbharat.com
[8] . Harvard Animal Law and Policy Program. (2025, October 29). India's Supreme Court tackles issue of stray dogs. https://animal.law.harvard.edu
[9] . Legal Bites. (2025). Stray dogs in Delhi-NCR: Supreme Court's 2025 ruling, legal framework, and the ongoing debate. https://www.legalbites.in
[10] . Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India. (2023). Livestock census and stray dog population estimates. Government of India.
[11] . Mongabay India. (2025, September 2). Street dogs in the spotlight as rabies eradication deadline comes closer. https://india.mongabay.com
[12] . NewsMeter. (2025, March 27). India's stray dog population hits 20 million; resource crunch hits sterilization program. https://newsmeter.in
[13] . News on Air. (2025, August 22). SC: Stray dogs to return to territory after sterilisation & immunisation. https://www.newsonair.gov.in
[14] . News on Air. (2025, August 12). Delhi Govt welcomes SC's order to control menace of dog bites & rabies in Delhi-NCR. https://www.newsonair.gov.in
[15] . Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (India).
[16] . Seasia. (2025, November 30). How did the Netherlands become the first country without stray dogs? https://seasia.co
[17] . Sigma Earth. (2025). India's stray dog crisis and what they can learn from Western countries. https://sigmaearth.com
[18] . Supreme Court of India. (2025). Suo Moto Writ Petition (Civil) No. 5 of 2025 [2025 INSC 1018]. https://api.sci.gov.in
[19] . The Bhutanese. (2023, November 6). How Bhutan became the first country in the world to achieve 100% sterilisation of its free roaming dog population. https://thebhutanese.bt
[20] . The Lancet Global Health. (2023). Is there hope to reach the Zero by 30 target for dog-mediated human rabies? The Lancet Global Health. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo
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ABSTRACT:
The management of stray dogs in India straddles public health, animal welfare and urban governance. As per estimates, India has between 15-62 million free-roaming stray dogs. Stray dogs and dog bites and dog-mediated rabies are responsible for 18,000-20,000 deaths annually. These deaths take place despite decades of legislation (World Health Organization, 2018; Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, 2023). The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 and the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 do mandate a sterilize-vaccinaterelease approach, but it is often poorly funded or badly implemented. The Supreme Court's involvement in 2025 renewed a debate on relocation versus release-based management, revealing a lack of national framework. The comparative policy analysis of official government reports, published documents from international organizations, peer-reviewed literature, and an examination of international experience from the Netherlands, Bhutan, Singapore, Turkey, and the UK used in this paper is of secondary qualitative design. It presents a ten-pillar Integrated Policy Framework for scientific population estimation, mass sterilization, universal vaccination, responsible ownership, waste management, monitoring technology, community participation, institutional coordination, diversified funding and proper monitoring and evaluation. The results evidence the need for a shift from episodic, judiciary-driven intervention for intervention to a coordinated, adequately funded, technology enabled governance model. The paper sets forth practicable recommendations for policymakers to reconcile animal welfare with public safety.

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