Tasbih K. Bakshi
Sidwell Friends School, Washington DC

MLA 8
Bakshi, Tasbih K. "Misinformation and Weaponization: Smallpox Inoculation in the 18th Century." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 11, no. 8, Aug. 2026, pp. 3909-3918, doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.020. Accessed Aug. 2026.
APA 6
Bakshi, T. (2026, August). Misinformation and Weaponization: Smallpox Inoculation in the 18th Century. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 11(8), 3909-3918. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.020
Chicago
Bakshi, Tasbih K. "Misinformation and Weaponization: Smallpox Inoculation in the 18th Century." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 11, no. 8 (August 2026), 3909-3918. Accessed August, 2026. https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2026.v11i08.020.

References

[1] . Blake, John B. “Smallpox Inoculation in Colonial Boston.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 8, no. 3 (1953): 284–300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24619895.
[2] . [Douglass, Dr. William] “The History of Inoculation.” The New England Courant, August 14-21, excerpts in https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/smallpoxinoculation.
[3] . Armstrong, Melanie. “Microbe Culture: Germ Politics and the Unseen Racial History of Nature.”In Historicizing Fear: Ignorance, Vilification, and Othering, edited by Travis D. Boyce and Winsome M. Chunnu, 52–70. University Press of Colorado, 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvwh8d12.6
[4] . Minardi, Margot. “The Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721-1722: An Incident in the History of Race.” The William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 1 (2004): 47–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/3491675.
[5] . Rothstein, Aaron. “Vaccines and Their Critics, Then and Now.” The New Atlantis, no. 44 (2015): 3–27. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43551422.
[6] . Moore, James. The History of the Small Pox. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown,1815,https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc21dp&seq=8
[7] . The New England Courant. “Absinthium.” December 11-18, 1721, excerpts in https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/smallpoxinoculation.
[8] . National Humanities Center Research Toolbox, “The Paper War Over Smallpox Vaccination”,
[9] . The New England Courant. “Frank Scammony.”August 21-28, 1721, excerpts in https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/smallpoxinoculation.
[10] . Massey, Edmund. “A sermon against the dangerous and sinful practice of inoculation.” Lecture,St. Alban Woodstreet, July 8th, 1722, https://name.umdl.umich.edu/N02782.0001.001
[11] . Williams, John. “Answer to a Late Letter in the New England Courant.” Several Arguments Proving That Inoculating the Smallpox Is not Contained in the Law of Physick, Nov 13-20, 1721, excerpts in https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/ideas/text7/smallpoxinoculation.
[12] . Fenn, Elizabeth A. “Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst.” The Journal of American History 86, no. 4 (2000): 1552–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567577
[13] . Adams, John. “John Adams to Abigail Adams,” June 26, 1776. Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/04-02-02-0013
[14] . Fenn, A, Elizabeth. Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82. Hill and Wang, 1959.
[15] . Washington, George. George Washington to David Grier, March 12, 1777. George Washington's Mount Vernon. https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collctions/article/smallpox-inoculation-letter
[16] . “Bill concerning Inoculation for Smallpox, [27 December 1777],” Virginia Assembly, (1777). Founders Online, National Archives. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-02-02-0040