Iymon Abdul Majid
Department of Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

MLA 8
Majid, Iymon Abdul. "ISLAM AND ELECTORAL POLITICS: A CASE STUDY OF JAMA'AT E ISLAMI IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 3, no. 8, Aug. 2018, pp. 4224-4234, ijsser.org/more2018.php?id=298. Accessed Aug. 2018.
APA
Majid, I. (2018, August). ISLAM AND ELECTORAL POLITICS: A CASE STUDY OF JAMA'AT E ISLAMI IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(8), 4224-4234. Retrieved from ijsser.org/more2018.php?id=298
Chicago
Majid, Iymon Abdul. "ISLAM AND ELECTORAL POLITICS: A CASE STUDY OF JAMA'AT E ISLAMI IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 3, no. 8 (August 2018), 4224-4234. Accessed August, 2018. ijsser.org/more2018.php?id=298.

References
[1]. Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin (eds.), Democracy, Accountability and Representation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
[2]. John S. Dryzek, "Democratic Political Theory," in Handbook of Political Theory eds. Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, (London: Sage Publications, 2004), 144-145.
[3]. Pavel Dufek and Jan Holzer, "Democratisation of Democracy? On the Discontinuity between Empirical and Normative Theories of Democracy," Representation 49, no. 2 (2013): 118-120.
[4]. Maidul Islam, Limits of Islamism: Jama'at e Islami in contemporary India and Bangladesh, (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 5.
[5]. For a historical evolution of electoral principle in Muslim societies and its various manifestations in Islamic and Islamist literature, see; James Piscatori, Islam, Islamists, and the Electoral Principle in the Middle East, (Leiden: ISIM, 2000), 6-23.
[6]. There is a huge amount of literature which supports both the positions. For a brief bibliographical sketch of the authors in the text see John Esposito and John Voll, Islam and Democracy, (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) and Asef Bayat, Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007). Those who oppose that Islam is compatible with democracy are; Bernard Lewis, "A Historical View: Islam and Liberal Democracy," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (1996): 52-63; Bassam Tibi, "The Fundamentalist Challenge to the Secular Order in the Middle East," Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 23, no.1 (1999): 191-210 and Martin Kramer, "Islam and Democracy", in Arab Awakening & Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East, ed. Martin Kramer, (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 265- 278.
[7]. Irfan Ahmad, "Democracy and Islam," Philosophy and Social Criticism 37, no. 4 (2011): 461.
[8]. Piscatori, Islam, Islamists, and the Electoral Principle, 4.
[9]. Ibid.
[10]. John Esposito, "Claiming the Center: Political Islam in Transition," Harvard International Review 19, no. 2 (1997): 8-11, 60-61.
[11]. Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004).
[12]. For a detailed analysis of the thought of Syed Abul A'la Maududi, see; Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Mawdudi and the making of Islamic Revivalism, (New York/Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1996).
[13]. Chitralekha Zutshi, Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the making of Kashmir, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 227-236.
[14]. Ibid., 248-255, 266-267.
[15]. Ibid., 265. Zutshi, however, insists that this support should not mean Muslim League wanted the princely state of Kashmir to become part of Pakistan.
[16]. Yoginder Sikand, "The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s- 1990)," Modern Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (2002): 716-717
[17]. Ashiq Kashmiri, Tarikh Jama'at e Islami Jammu wa Kashmir, (Srinagar: Chinar Publications, 2015), 134-136.
[18]. In 1947, Jama'at e Islami was bifurcated into two independent organizations Jama'at e Islami Pakistan headed by Maududi himself and Jama'at e Islami Hind. Since the princely kingdom of Kashmir had signed the instrument of accession with India, Jama'at e Islami of Jammu and Kashmir came under the aegis of Jama'at e Islami Hind.
[19]. Ashiq Kashmiri, Tareekh e Tehreek e Islami Jammu wa Kashmir Volume II, (Lahore: Idara e Mu'arif e Islami, 1991), 27.
[20]. Ashiq Kashmiri, Tareekh e Tehreek e Islami Jammu wa Kashmir Volume I, (Lahore: Idara e Mu'arif e Islami, 1991), 355.
[21]. Kashmiri, Tareekh e Tehreek e Islami, 125-127.
[22]. Sikand, "The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami," 735.
[23]. Ibid., 728.
[24]. Saifuddin Qari, Mehmaat e Hayaat, (Delhi: J.K Offset Printers), 9.
[25]. For a journalistic account of these events, see; Suhail Ahmad Shah, "Black April," Kashmir Life, April 14, 2014, www.kashmirlife.com/black-april-58004/.
[26]. Praveen Swami, "A break with the Past," Frontline, Dec 05-Dec 18, 1998, http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1525/15250380.htm
[27]. Syed Asma, "Jama'at Needs Peaceful Environment to Contest Elections," Kashmir Life, Jan 26, 2015, http://kashmirlife.net/jamaat-e-islami-needs-peaceful-environment-to-contest-elections-issue-45-vol-06-72231/.
[28]. Faisal Devji, Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013), 237.
[29]. For a larger argument about the transformation of Jama'at e Islami Hind, see; Irfan Ahmad, Islamism and Democracy in India: The Transformation of Jamaat-e-Islami, (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2010),
[30]. Ashiq Kashmiri, interview by author, July 31, 2015.
[31]. Hisamuddin Ahmad, "Ab Jin ko Dekhne ko Aankhen Tarastein Hain," in Maulana Sa'ad-ud-din: Hayaat wa Khidmaat, edited by Sheikh Ghulam Hassan and Abdul Hameed Fayaz, (Srinagar: Chinar Publications, 2016), 236.
[32]. Piscatori, Islam, Islamists, and the Electoral Principle, 34.
[33]. Kashmiri, Tareekh e Tehreek e Islami Volume II, 248.
[34]. Roy Jackson, Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and Islamic State, (London/NewYork: Routledge, 2004), 61.
[35]. Abdul Jabbar Gockhami, Kashmir politics and plebiscite (1955-1975), (Srinagar: Gulshan Books, 2011), 154.
[36]. Sarwat Jamal, ed, Qissa i Dard, (Srinagar: Meezan Publications, 2000), 60.
[37]. Election Commision of India, Statistical report on General Elections 1971 to the Lok Sabha Volume I. (New Delhi: Government of India, 1973).
[38]. Election Commission of India, Key Highlights of General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, (New Delhi: Government of India, 1972).
[39]. Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Wular Kinarey Volume II, (Srinagar: Millat publications, 2012), 144, 168-169.
[40]. Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unending War, (London/New York: I.B. Taurus, 2000/2003), 122.
[41]. Charles Tilly, "Inequality, Democratization, and De-democratization," Sociological Theory 21, no.1 (2003): 37- 43.
[42]. Ibid., 37-38.
[43]. For a general historical analysis of the pre-1987 political climate and 1987 elections see, Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in the Crossfire, (London, I.B Taurus, 1996), 121-136.
[44]. Ibid.
[45]. Muzamil Jaleel, "Despite boycott calls, Jamaat cadres come out in support of PDP", Indian Express Dec 23, 2008, http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/despite-boycott-call-jamaat-cadres-come-out-in-support-ofpdp/401699/0.
[46]. Geelani, Wular Kinarey Volume II, 387
[47]. Sten Wildham, Kashmir in Comparative Politics: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India, (London: Routledge Curzon, 2002), 82-83.
[48]. Paul Staniland, "Kashmir since 2003", Asian Survey 53, no. 5 (2013): 931-957.