References
[1]. Ackerman, F. & Heinzerling, L., 2002. Pricing the priceless: Cost-benefit analysis of
environmental protection. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Volume 150, pp. 1553-1584.
[2]. Adcock, K., 2001. The SADC Regional Programme for Rhino Conservation, Gaborone: s.n.
[3]. Bagine, R., 2003. The Economic Benefits of Nairobi National Park (Sustainable Finance Stream:
Protected Area System). Durban, Kenya Wildlife Service.
[4]. Bateman, I. J., Lovett, A. A. & Brainard, J. S., 2003. Applied Environmental Economics: A GIS
Approach to Cost - Benefit Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Bateman, I. J. et al., 2010. Economic Analysis for Ecosystem Service Assessments. Environment
Resource.
[6]. Bellinger, W. K., 2007. The economic analysis of public policy. London: Routledge.
[7]. Biller, D., 2007. Solutions for the World's Biggest Problems: Costs and Benefits. Copenhagen:
Cambridge University Press.
[8]. Brent, R. J., 2006. Applied Cost-Benefit Analysis. 2nd ed. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar
Publishing Limited.
[9]. Brockington, D., Igoe, J. & Schmidt-Soltau, K., 2006. Conservation, Human Rights, and Poverty
Reduction. Conservation Biology, 20(1), p. 250-252.
[10]. Brouwer, R., 2000. Environmental value transfer: state of the art and future prospects. Ecological
Economics, Volume 32, pp. 137-152.
[11]. Brown Jr., G. M. & Shogren, J. F., 1998. Economics of the Endangered Species Act. The Journal
of Economic Perspectives, 12(3), pp. 3-20.
[12]. Burgess, D. F. & Zerbe, R. O., 2011. Appropriate Discounting for Benefit-Cost Analysis.
Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(2).
[13]. Campbell, H. & Brown, R., 2003. Benefit-Cost Analysis: Financial and Economic Appraisal
using Spreadsheets. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[14]. Child, B., 2012. The sustainable use approach could save South Africa's rhinos. S Afr J Sci,
108(7/8), pp. 1338-1341.
[15]. Clinton, R., 2012. Partnership Meeting on Wildlife Trafficking, Washington: WWF:
https://worldwildlife.org/stories/secretary-of-state-clinton-calls-for-end-to-illegal-wildlifetrafficking.
[16]. De Boer, W. F., Stigter, J. D. & Ntumi, C. P., 2007. Optimising investments from elephant
tourist revenues in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Journal for Nature
Conservation, Volume 15, pp. 225-236.
[17]. Demir, A., 2013. Economic of Biodiversity: The importance of studies aimed at assessing the
economic value of biological diversity. African Journal of Agricultural Research: Vol. 8(43), pp.
5375-5385.
[18]. Dublin, H. & Wilson, A., 1998. The Fight for Survival: Four Decades of Conserving Africa's
Rhinos, Le Muids, Switzerland: WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature.
[19]. Dudley, N., Stolton, S. & Elliott, W., 2013. Editorial: Wildlife Crime Poses Unique Challenges
to Protected Areas. Parks, 340(6137), pp. 1167-1168.
[20]. Elliott, W., Kube, R. & Montanye, D., 2008. Solutions for reducing the human, economic and
conservation costs of human wildlife conflict, Gland: WWF.
[21]. Emslie, R. H., Milliken, T. & Talukdar, . B., 2012. African and Asian Rhinoceroses - Status,
Conservation and Trade: A report from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC)
African and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups and TRAFFIC to the CITES Secretariat pursuant to
Resolution Conf. 9.14 (Rev. CoP15), Geneva, Switzerland: Traffic International.
[22]. Engeman, R. M., Shwiff, S. A. & Smith, H. T., 2003. Monetary valuation methods for economic
analysis of the benefit-costs of protecting rare wildlife species from predators. USDA National
Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publication, Volume 7, pp. 139-144.
[23]. Erickson, J. D., 2000. Endangering the economics of extinction. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28(1),
pp. 34-41.
[24]. Ferber, S. C., Wilson, M. A. & Costanza, R., 2002. Economic and ecological concepts for
valuing ecosystem services. Ecological Economics, Volume 41, pp. 375-392.
[25]. Ferraro, P. J., Lawlor, K., Mullan, K. L. & Pattanayak, S. K., 2011. Forest Figures: Ecosystem
Services Valuation and Policy Evaluation in Developing Countries. Review of Environmental
Economics and Policy, pp. 1-26.
[26]. Frisvold, G. B. & Innes, R., 2009. The Economics of Endangered Species. Annual Review of
Resource Economics, 1(1), pp. 485-512.
[27]. Fuguitt, D. & Wilcox, S. J., 1999. Cost-Benefit Analysis for Public Sector Decision Makers. 1st
ed. London: Quorum Books.
[28]. Gakunga, M., 2013. To Protect or To Sustain: New report falts past policies for placing emphasis
on the protection approach instead of sustainable use of natural resources. Forestry and Wildlife
News, 7 January, p. 3.
[29]. Gowdy, J., Howarth, R. & Tisdell, C., 2010. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: The
Ecological and Economic Foundations. London: Earthscan.
[30]. Gray, D. E., 2004. Doing Research in the Real World. 1st ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
[31]. Hanley, N. & Barbier, E. B., 2009. Pricing Nature: Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental
Policy. 1st ed. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
[32]. Hardisty, P. E., 2010. Environmental and economic sustainability. Boca Raton: Taylor and
Francis Group, LLC.
[33]. Heal, G. M. et al., 2005. Valuing Ecosystem Services:Towards a better environmental decisionmaking,
Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
[34]. Hoyos, D. & Maries, P., 2010. Contingent Valuation: Past, Present and Future, Bilbao: Prague
Economic Papers.
[35]. KNBS, 2007. Basic Report on Well-being in Kenya: Kenya Integrated Household Budget
Survey- 2005/06, Nairobi: Government Press/Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS).
[36]. KNBS, 2014. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics: Economic Survey 2014, Nairobi: Government
Press/Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS).
[37]. KNBS, 2015. Economic Survey 2015, Nairobi: Government Press/Kenya National Bureau of
Statistics (KNBS).
[38]. Koopmans, F., 2012. Datasheet African Elephant, s.l.: WWF.
[39]. Kroeger, T., Loomis, J. & Casey, F., 2008. Introduction to the Wildlife Habitat Benefits
Estimation Toolkit. Conservation Economics Program.
[40]. Kroeger, T. P. & Manalo , P., 2006. A Review of the Economic Benefits of Species and Habitat
Conservation, Washington, DC: Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
[41]. Krugman, P. & Wells, R., 2009. Microeconomics:. 2nd ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
[42]. KWS, 2013. Annual Report, Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS).
[43]. KWS, 2014. Kenya Wildlife Services statement on status of wildlife conservation.
[44]. News24Kenya: http://m.news24.com/kenya/MyNews24/74-elephants-killed-by-poachers20130408,
25 03.
[45]. KWS, 2014. Priority Ecosystems and Species, Nairobi: Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS).
[46]. Layard, R. & Glaister, S., 1994. COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
[47]. Lindsey, P. A., Roulet, P. A. & Roman ach, S. S., 2007. Economic and conservation significance
of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological Conservation, Volume 134, pp.
455-469.
[48]. Loomis, J. B., 2000. Economic Values of Wilderness Recreation and Passive Use: What We
Think We Know at the Beginning of the 21st Century. USDA Forest Service Proceedings
RMRS-P, 2(15), pp. 5-13.
[49]. Loomis, J. & Helfand, G., 2003. Evironmental Policy Analysis for Decision Making: The
Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[50]. Martin-Lopez, B., Montes, C. & Benayas, J., 2008. Economic Valuation of Biodiversity
Conservation: the Meaning of Numbers. Conservation Biology, 22(3), p. 624-635.
[51]. Meijer, J. & Berg, A. d., 2010. Handbook of environmental policy. 1st ed. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc..
[52]. Mills, S. L., 2007. Conservation of wildlife populations : demography, genetics, and
management. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
[53]. Milner-Gulland, E. J. & Mace, R., 1998. Conservation of Biological Resources. Wildlife
Conservation Policy in Kenya, pp. 279-293.
[54]. Milner-Gulland, E. J. & Rowcliffe, M., 2007. Conservation and Sustainable Use: A Handbook of
Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press.
[55]. Munger, M. C., 2000. Analysing Policy: Choices, Conflicts and Practices. New York: W.W.
Norton & Company.
[56]. Munier, N., 2004. Multicriteria Environmental Assessment: A Practical Guide. New York:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[57]. Naidoo, R. et al., 2006. Integrating economic costs into conservation planning. Review TRENDS
in Ecology and Evolution, 21(12), pp. 681-687.
[58]. Naidoo, R. & Ricketts, T. H., 2006. Mapping the Economic Costs and Benefits of Conservation.
PLoS Biology, 4(11), pp. 2153-2164.
[59]. Navrud, S. & Bergland, O., 2001. Policy Research Brief: Value Transfer and Environmental
Policy. Environmental Valuation in Europe, Volume 8.
[60]. Navrud, S. & Ready, R., 2007. Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods. Dordrecht:
Springer.
[61]. Ninan, K. N., Jyothis, S. S., Babu, P. & Ramakrishnappa, V., 2007. The Economics of
Biodiversity Conservation: Valuation in Tropical Forest Ecosystems. London: Earthscan.
[62]. Njihia, M. J. & Odock, S., 2008. An investigation into social cost-benefit analysis practice in the
appraisal of public projects in Kenya, Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
[63]. Norton-Griffiths, M., 2000. Wildlife Losses in Kenya: An Analysis of Conservation Policy.
Natural Resource Modelling, 13(1), pp. 1-16.
[64]. Norton-Griffiths, M. & Southey, C., 1995. The opportunity costs of biodiversity conservation in
Kenya. Ecological Economics, Volume 12, pp. 125-139.
[65]. Okech, R. N., 2010. Wildlife-community conflicts in conservation areas in Kenya. Journal on
Conflict resolution, 10(2).
[66]. Okita-Ouma, B., Amin, R., van Langeveld, F. & Leader-Williams, N., 2009. Density dependence
and population dynamics of black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Kenya's rhino
sanctuaries. Africa Journal of Ecology, pp. 1-9.
[67]. Olweny, T., 2011. Modelling Volatility of Short-term Interest Rates in Kenya. International
Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(7), pp. 289-303.
[68]. Pearce, D., 1996. An Economic Overview of Wildlife and Alternative Land Uses. Sunningdale:
Overseas Development Administration African Wildlife Policy.
[69]. Pearce, D., Atkinson, G. & Mourato, S., 2006. Cost - Benefit Analysis and the Environment:
Recent Developments. OECD.
[70]. Penny, M., 2001. Black Rhino: Habitants. Life Cycles. Food Chains. Threats. Natural World.
[71]. Revesz, R. L. & Stavins, N. R., 2004. Environmental Law and Policy. Handbook of Law and
Economics: Discussion Paper 04-30 rev.
[72]. Shogren, J. F. & Tischirhart, J., 2001. Protecting Endangered Species in the United States:
biological needs, political realities & economic choices. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
[73]. Shogren, J. F. et al., 1999. Why Economics Matters for Endangered Species Protection.
Conservation Biology, Vol. 13(6), pp. 1257-1261.
[74]. Shwiff, S. A., 2004. Economics in Wildlife Damage Management Studies: Common Problems
and Solutions. Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for Publications, Volume Paper
387, pp. 345-349.
[75]. Shwiff, S. A. & Sterner, R. T., 2002. An Economic Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis in
Wildlife Damage Studies. Proc. 20th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R.M. Timm and R. H. Schmidt, Eds.),
pp. 340-344.
[76]. Spenceley, A. & Barnes, J., 2005. Economic Analysis of Rhino Conservation in a Land-Use
Context within the SADC Region. SADC Regional Programme for Rhino Conservation Task
6.3-1.2 (Phase II).
[77]. Sterner, R. T., 2009. The Economics of Threatened Species Conservation: A Review and
Analysis. In: . J. B. Aronoff, ed. Y and book of Nature Conservation. Fort Collins: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc, pp. 213-235.
[78]. t' Sas - Rolfes, M., 1997. Elephants, Rhinos and The Economics of the Illegal Trade. Pachyderm,
Volume No. 24.
[79]. Wall, D. H., Bock, C. E., Dietz, T. & Hagenstein, P. R., 2003. Perspectives on biodiversity:
valuing its role in an everchanging world. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
[80]. Wall, D. H. et al., 2003. Perspectives on biodiversity: valuing its role in an everchanging world.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
[81]. Walpole, M. J., Goodwin, H. J. & Ward, K., 2001. Pricing Policy for Tourism in Protected
Areas: Lessons from Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 15(1), pp. 218-
227.
[82]. Weimer, D. L., 2008. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Public Policy. Journal of Policy Analysis &
Management Classics Series, pp. 370-440.
[83]. Weimer, D. L. & Vining, A. R., 2011. Policy Analysis. 5th ed. Boston: Longman.
Wildaid, 2013. Rhino Horn Demand. Wildaid.
[84]. Wilson, M. A. & Hoehn, J. P., 2006. Valuing environmental goods and services using benefit
transfer: The state-of-the art and science. Journal of Ecological Economics.
[85]. Zerbe Jr., R. O. & Bellas, A. S., 2006. A Primer for Benefit-Cost Analysis. 1st ed. Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
[86]. Zerbe Jr., R. O. & Kirkwood, J. B., 2007. Research in Law and Economics : A Journal of Policy.
A Journal of Policy, Volume 23, pp. 27-33.
[87]. Zhang, Y. & Li, Y., 2005. Valuing or pricing natural and environmental resources?.
Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 8, pp. 179-186.
International Journal of Social Science & Economic Research
