Lamin Sidibeh and Haddy Roche
American International University, West Africa

MLA 8
Sidibeh, Lamin, and Haddy Roche. "WESTERN CULTURE AND PARENTING IN THE GAMBIA: AN INTROSPECTIVE APPROACH." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 5, no. 2, Feb. 2020, pp. 417-445, ijsser.org/more2020.php?id=30. Accessed Feb. 2020.
APA(6)
Sidibeh, L., & Roche, H. (2020, February). WESTERN CULTURE AND PARENTING IN THE GAMBIA: AN INTROSPECTIVE APPROACH. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 5(2), 417-445. Retrieved from ijsser.org/more2020.php?id=30
Chicago
Sidibeh, Lamin, and Haddy Roche. "WESTERN CULTURE AND PARENTING IN THE GAMBIA: AN INTROSPECTIVE APPROACH." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 5, no. 2 (February 2020), 417-445. Accessed February, 2020. ijsser.org/more2020.php?id=30.

References

[1]. Adeyemi, M.B. & Adeyinka, A.A. (2002). Some key issues in African traditional education. Mcgill Journal of Education, 37(2)
[2]. Aligwekwe, P.E. (2010). African culture is not to blame. Xlibris Corporation
[3]. Arowolo, D, (2010). The effects of western civilisation and culture on Africa. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1) Quarter iv
[4]. Baloyi, G.M. (2014). How to feed an African child? Xlibris Corporation. Retrieved from https://books.google.gm/books?id=eOzwAgAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
[5]. Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn., R. Lerner., & A.C. Peterson (Eds). The Encyclopedia of adolescence, pp746-758. New York: Garland
[6]. Baldwin, R., Faulkner, S.L., Hecht, M.L., & Lindsley, S.L. (Eds) (2006). Redefining culture. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers
[7]. Baxter, V.K., & Marina, P. (2008). Cultural meaning and hip hop fashion in the African-American male youth subculture of New Orleans. Journal of Youth Studies 11(2), 93-113
[8]. Berlo, D.K. (1960). The process of communication: an introduction to theory and practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
[9]. Bettelheim, B. (1988). A good enough parent: a book on child-rearing. Vintage
[10]. Bidney, D. (1944). On the concept of culture and some cultural fallacies. American Anthropologist 30-44
[11]. Boakye-Boaten, A. (2010). Changes in the concept of childhood: implications on children in Ghana. The Journal of International Social Research, 3(10)
[12]. Bradford, K., Vaughn, L.B., & Barber, B.K. (2008). When there is conflict: interparental conflict, parent-child conflict, and youth problem behaviors. Journal of Family Issues, 29(6), 780-805
[13]. Browne, A. (2008). Has there been a decline in values in British society? Joseph Rowntree Foundation (The Social Evil Series). www.jrf.org.uk
[14]. Burt, S.A., McGUE, M.A.T.T, Kruegger, R.F.., & Iacono, W.G. (2005). How are parent-child conflict and childhood externalizing symptoms related over time? results from a genetically informative cross-lagged study. Development and psychopathology 17(1) 145-165
[15]. Chaudhuri, N., & Strobel, M. (1992). Western women and imperialism: complicity and resistance. Indiana University Press
[16]. Cheater, A.P. (1985). The role and position of women in pre-colonial and colonial Zimbabwe. Paper presented at the workshop on the role of women in national rehabilitation and development, sponsored and organized by UNESCO and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs. Harare, November 1985 https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12313/9977
[17]. Child Protection Alliance- The Gambia (2014). The Gambia CSO complementary report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Child Protection Alliance- The Gambia
[18]. Colley, B.M. (2014). Voices from The Gambia: parents' perspectives on their involvement in their children's education.DOI:10.1080/00094056.2014.910977
[19]. Colley. E. (nd) Gambian culture notes. https://www.gambia.dk>culture.notes
[20]. Cuddy, E., &Reeves, R.V. (2014). Hitting kids: American parenting and physical punishment. Brookings
[21]. Duvall, C.S. (2017). Cannabis and Tobacco in precolonial and colonial Africa. https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.00 Doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.44
[22]. Duvall, C.S. (2019). The African roots of marijuana. Duke University Press
[23]. Eagleton, T. (1978). The idea of a common culture. In P. Davidson, R. Meyershon, & E. Shils (Eds)., Literary taste, culture and mass media communication: Vol 1-Culture and mass culture. Teaneck, NJ: Somerset House.
[24]. Ekeh, P.P. (1983). Colonialism and social structure. Ibadan University Press (Inaugural Lecture)
[25]. Eliot, T.S. (1948). Notes towards the definition of culture. Harcourt, Brace and Company New York
[26]. Ellwood, C. (1918) Theories of cultural evolution. American Journal of Sociology, 779-800
[27]. Foster, D (2013). Gender, class, 'race'and violence. In Youth violence sources and solutions in South Africa. Ward, C.L., Van der Merwe A., & Dawes, A. (Eds). Chapter2, UCT Press
[28]. Gambia Bureau of Statistics (2017) The Government of the Gambia Integrated Household Survey 2015/16, Volume lll, Prevalence and Depth of Poverty. Gambia Bureau of Statistics
[29]. Ganga, E. & Chinyoka, K. (2017). An analysis of how contemporary African child-rearing practices affect a child's self-concept and learning. Case Studies Journal 6(3)
[30]. Gassama, M.B. (2019). The corrosion of Gambian culture: cause, implications and possible solutions. https://standard.gm>Opinions (article first published on 1st August 2006, as presentation at the Gambian Cultural Week in Oslo, Norway)
[31]. Gert, B. &Gert, G. (2016). The definition of morality. Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.standford.edu/entries/...
[32]. Greenberg, D. (1987). Childrearing. Sudbury Valley School Press
[33]. Haapasalo, J., & Pokela, E. (1999). Child-rearing and child abuse antecedents of criminality. Aggression and violent behavior 4(1), 107-127
[34]. Hall, J. (1987) parent-adolescent conflict: an empirical overview. Adolescence 22(88), 767
[35]. Hancock, J. (2017). The benefits of experiencing another culture are immense. Bradenton Herald. https://amp-bradenton-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.bradenton.com/living/religion/article162972758.html?amp_js_v=a2&...
[36]. Hinde, R.A. (2005). Why good is good. Routledge
[37]. Idang. G.E. (2015). African culture and values. Phronimon 16(2) 97-111
[38]. Igboin, B.O. (2011). Colonialism and African cultural values. African Journal of History and Culture 3(6), 96-103
[39]. Janssens, J.M.& Dekovic, M. (1997). Child rearing, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development 20(3), 509-527
[40]. Laursen, B., Coy, K.C., & Collins, W.A. (1998). Reconsidering changes in parent-child conflict across adolescence: a meta-analysis. Child development, 69(3), 817-832
[41]. Lewis, R. D. (2006). When cultures collide: leading across cultures. Nicholas Brealey International
[42]. LifeWay Research (2016) American views on morality https://lifewayresearch.com/2017/05/09/americans-worry-about-moral-decline-can...
[43]. Magessa, L. (1997). African religion: the moral traditions of Abundant life. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa
[44]. Maluleke, M.J. (2012). Culture, tradition, custom, law and gender equality. PER 15(1)
[45]. Maseland, R. (2018). Is colonialism history? The declining impact of legacies on African institutional and economic development. Journal of Institutional Economics. 14:2, 259-287
[46]. Morgado, M.A. (2007). The semiotics of extraordinary dress: a structural analysis and interpretation of hip hop style. Clothing and Textile Research 25(2), 131-155
[47]. Narayan, U. (2009). Dislocating cultures. Routledge
[48]. Offiong, D. (1980). Imperialism and dependency. Fourth Dimension Publishing Company, Nigeria
[49]. Ogboma, O.W., & Ogbomo, Q.O. (1993). Women and society in pre-colonial Iyede. Anthropos, 431-441
[50]. Osaghae, E.E. (1991). Colonialism and African political thought. Ufahamau: A Journal of African Studies, 19(2-3)
[51]. Panday, S., Ranchod, C., Ngcaweni, B., & Seedat, S. (2013). The situation of the Youth in South Africa. In Youth violence sources and solutions in South Africa. Ward, C.L., Van der Merwe A., & Dawes, A. (Eds). Chapter4, UCT Press
[52]. Patel, N.B. (2015). "Natural amphetamine" Khat: a cultural tradition or a drug of abuse? International Review of Neurobiology, 120, 235-255
[53]. Pope, H.G. (1969). Tabernanthe iboga: an African narcotic plant of social importance. Economic Botany 23(2), 174-184
[54]. Rose, P. & Conlon, K. (2009). Materialism: an evolutionary perspective. In Consumer behavior. Saito, F. (Ed), pp.185-196. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers
[55]. Saine, A. (2012). Culture and customs of Gambia. ABC-CLIO
[56]. Sardar, Z. (1998). Post modernism and the other. Pluto
[57]. Sears, R.R., Whitting, J.W., Nowlis, V., & Sears, P.S. (1953). Some child-rearing antecedents of aggression and dependency in young children
[58]. Sinopole, A.M. (2008). No saggy pants: a review of the First Amendment issues presented by the state's regulation of fashion in public streets. Penn St. L. Rev, 113, 329
[59]. Smietana, B. (2017). American worry about moral decline, can't agree on right and wrong. Lifeway Research. https://lifewayresearch.com/2017/05/09/americans-worry-about-moral-decline-can...
[60]. Tarumbwa, L. (2019). Is head to toe dressing African culture? The African Exponent. https://www.africanexponent.com/post/10941-what-does-history-say-about-dressing
[61]. The National Technical Committee (2008) The development and state of the art of adult learning and education (ALE) national report of The Gambia. Department of State for Basic and Secondary Education
[62]. Unicef annual Report, The Gambia (2017)
[63]. Unicef Thematic Interventions on Child Protection in The Gambia (nd)
[64]. Van der Merwe, A., Dawes, A., & Ward, C.I. (2013). In Youth violence sources and solutions in South Africa. Ward, C.L., Van der Merwe A., & Dawes, A. (Eds). Chapter3, UCT Press
[65]. Volpp, L. (2000). Blaming culture for bad behavior. Yale J.L. & Human, 12. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjlh/vol12/iss1/3
[66]. Weaver, C.M., Shaw, D.S., Crossan, J.L., Dishion T.J., & Wilson, M.N. (2015). Parent-child conflict and early childhood adjustment in two-parent low-income families: parallel developmental processes. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 461) 94-107
[67]. Williams, O.K. (2010). The suppression of a saggin' expression: exploring the saggy pants style within the First Amendment context. Ind. LJ 85, 1169
[68]. Young, C. (2004). The end of the post-colonial state in Africa? Reflections on changing African political dynamics. African Affairs 103 (410): 23-49
Websites
[1]. https://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/section2/page1/recognizing-adolescence
[2]. https://reliefweb.int/report/gambia/gambia-himanitarian-needs-overview-2016-november
[3]. https://www.wfp.org/countries/gambia
[4]. https://scalingupnutrition.org>gambia
[5]. https://www.unicef.org/gambia/activities _83242.html
[6]. www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/
[7]. www.pewforum.org/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country
[8]. https://knoema.com.cdn.amproject.org/v/s/knoema.com/atlas/Gambia/topics/ED
[9]. http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/GMB
[10]. https://www.voicegambia.com/2020/02/03/unicef-calls-on-government-for-stronger-measures
[11]. https://apps.who.int/adolescent/second/decade/section2page1/...
Statutes and Legal instruments
[1]. Children's Act 2005
[2]. Trafficking in persons Act 2007
[3]. Tourism offences act 2005
[4]. 1997 constitution of The Gambia
[5]. Convention on the rights of the child
[6]. African charter on the rights of the child