IJSSER

Title: WESTERN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS APPLIED
Authors: Shak Bernard Hanish
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Shak Bernard Hanish Professor, Political Science Lead Faculty, Dep. of Social Sciences, College of Letters & Sciences, National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
MLA 8 Hanish, Shak Bernard. "WESTERN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS APPLIED." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 6, no. 4, Apr. 2021, pp. 1376-1384, doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2021.v06i04.018. Accessed Apr. 2021. APA 6 Hanish, S. (2021, April). WESTERN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS APPLIED. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 6(4), 1376-1384. Retrieved from doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2021.v06i04.018 Chicago Hanish, Shak Bernard. "WESTERN ELECTORAL SYSTEMS APPLIED." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 6, no. 4 (April 2021), 1376-1384. Accessed April, 2021. doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2021.v06i04.018.
References [1]. Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and Party Systems (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press). [2]. Duverger, M. (1965) Political Parties: Their Organization and Activities in the Modern State (London: Wiley). [3]. Dow, J. K. (2010). Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Election Systems. British Journal of Political Science 41 (2011): 3441–3461. [4]. Bawn, K.(1993, November). The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral Law as a Social Choice Outcome. American Journal of Political Science 37: Ibid., 987–988. [5]. Alesina, A. and Glaeser, E. L. (2004). Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe (New York: Oxford University Press.) [6]. McCarthy, N. (2006, November).U.S. Trails Most Other Developed Nations In Voter Turnout. Forbes. [7]. Crepaz, M.M.L. (2017). European Democracies (9th Ed.). Routledge.
Abstract: In this article, I will explain how parliamentary elections are organized in the European countries and the United States. I will explain the winner-take-all electoral system that is used in the United States and the United Kingdom. Almost all other countries are using the proportional representation system or combination of the two systems. Then, I will detail the proportional presentations types in Holland, the Republic of Slovakia, Switzerland, Ireland, and Germany where personal proportional representation is used in some. The demarcating of the boundaries of the district in a single-member area are explains and how some proportional representation systems changed to winner take all and then back to proportionality. Also, voter turnout in Europe is generally much higher than in the United States, and how proportional system allows small groups and minorities more access to political representation and therefore not "wasting" votes as in district systems that choose only one member. Finally, I will evaluate the proposed electoral system with counting districts in Iraq and its advantages, disadvantages, pros, and cons but conclude that the proportional system has far more positive than its negatives, listing the most important drawbacks of the system put forward in the Iraqi House of Representatives.

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