Dr. Pratik Kumar
Fellow, Prime Ministers Museum and Library, Teen Murti Bhavan, Teen Murti Marg, New Delhi, 110011

MLA 8
Kumar, Dr. Pratik. "TEXT, CONTEXT, AND INTERPRETATION: THE QUESTION OF KRSNA'S IDENTITY." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol. 8, no. 8, Aug. 2023, pp. 2178-2183, doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2023.v08i08.006. Accessed Aug. 2023.
APA 6
Kumar, D. (2023, August). TEXT, CONTEXT, AND INTERPRETATION: THE QUESTION OF KRSNA'S IDENTITY. Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, 8(8), 2178-2183. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2023.v08i08.006
Chicago
Kumar, Dr. Pratik. "TEXT, CONTEXT, AND INTERPRETATION: THE QUESTION OF KRSNA'S IDENTITY." Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research 8, no. 8 (August 2023), 2178-2183. Accessed August, 2023. https://doi.org/10.46609/IJSSER.2023.v08i08.006.

References

[1]. City on the west coast of India over which K???a ruled after he had completed his adventures in Braj Mathur?.
[2]. ?g Veda, 8.85; for more details of the verse, see Ralph T.H. Griffith, The Hymns of Rigveda, Vol. 1, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1999.
[3]. ?g Veda, 1.116.23; avasyate stuvate k???iy?ya rjoyate n?saty? sacibhi? /pa?u? na na??am iva dar?an?ya vi???pv?m dadathur vi?vak?ya//; also cited in A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1958, p.184.
[4]. H.T. Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. 2., London: Wm. H. Allen, 1837, p. 177; rep. as Essays on the Religion and Philosophy of the Hindus, Vol. 1., London: Williams and Norget, 1858, p. 284.
[5]. Weber, Albrecht, The History of Indian Literature, Vol. 08, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Studies, 1961, p. 71.
[6]. Preciado-Solis, Benjamin, The K???a Cycle in the Pur??as: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984, p. 24.
[7]. Fora detailed discussion of all authors, see Moritz, Winternitz,A History of Indian Literature, New York: Russell & Russell, 1926, p. 457; Grierson, George, ‘The N?r?ya??ya and the Bh?gavatas’, The Indian Antiquary, Vol. 37, 1908, p. 253.
[8]. Kau??taki Br?hma?a, (30.9); for more details on the verse, see E.R.Sreekrishna Sarma, Kausitaki-Brahmana, Vol. 1, 1968.
[9]. Macdonell and Keith, 1958, p.184.
[10]. Langlois, M., came up with the first complete translation of the ?ig Veda in the middle of the 19th century. The idea of Aryan and the resistance of indigenous people is promulgated by Langlois. For a detailed discussion on this topic, see Langlois, M. Rig-Veda, Firmin Didot, Paris, 1848-51, Vol. I, p.193; also see Preciado-Solis,1984, pp. 12-13.
[11]. For his complete translation, see H.H. Wilson, ?ig-Veda, Vol. I, N Trubner and Co., London, 1866.
[12]. Griffith agrees with the idea that asuras were the earlier inhabitants of India. For a detailed discussion, see R.T.H. Griffith, The Hymnsof the Rig Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1889 (reprint1973). For a dissimilar view on this theme, see David, Frawley, God, Sages, and Kings: Vedic Secretes of Ancient Civilization, Passage Press, Utah, 1991.
[13]. K???o n?ma ka?cidasura? / tena ni?iktagarbh?? tadiy? bh?ry?? nirahan avadhit // also cited in Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.12
[14]. K???o n?m?surah. sa garbhabh?to’ntargato y?s?? sen?n?? t?? K???agarbh?. Also cited in Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.12.
[15]. D.D. Kosambi, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Popular Book Depot, 1956, pp.93-94; also cited in Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.12.
[16]. S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1962 (reprint), p.87.
[17]. Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.12.
[18]. The non-Aryan origin of K???a is well reflected in the writings of D.R. Bhandarkar and A.P. Karmarkar. For a detailed discussion, see D.R. Bhandarkar, Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture, University of Madra, 1940, p.82; A.P. Karmarkar, ‘Some Nude Gods in the Hindu Pantheon’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 23, 1942, p.219; D.D. Kosambi also supports this idea of Aryan and non-Aryan struggle between Indra and K???a, and presented K???a as “Asuara” in this book, Myth and Reality, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1962, p.24 and 39; also cited in Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.14; similar to many scholars mentioned above, the work of Suvira Jaiswal also supports the idea that the name K???a certainly indicates a non-Aryan genesis. For a detailed description, see Suvira Jaiswal, The Origin and the Development of Vai??avism, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1967, p.64.
[19]. Jaiswal, 1967, p.64
[20]. Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.14.
[21]. ?g Veda 8.96. 13-15
[22]. M. Monier Williams, A Sanskrit English Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2005 (reprint), p.500; also cited in A.A. Macdonell and A.B. Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Vol. 01, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1995 (reprint), pp. 382-83.
[23]. Preciado-Solis, 1984, p.16. One can also look for its original translation in German: Karl Friedrich Geldner, Rig-Veda, Vol. 2, p.422-23.